सिन्धु जल संधि (Indus Water Treaty) EVERYTHING ABOUT indus water treaty 1960 and its impact on state economy
सिन्धु जल संधि भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच सिन्धु नदी के जल बंटवारे पर की गयी थी, इस संधि की मध्यस्थता विश्व बैंक ने की थी। इस संधि के द्वारा सिन्धु नदी तंत्र की 6 नदियों व्यास, रावी, सतलुज, सिन्धु, चिनाब और झेलम के जल बंटवारे पर संधि की गयी थी।
इस संधि पर भारत के तत्कालीन प्रधानमंत्री जवाहरलाल नेहरु और पाकिस्तान के राष्ट्रपति अयूब खान ने 19 सितम्बर, 1960 को हस्ताक्षर किये थे। यह विश्व की सबसे सफल जल संधियों में से एक है, यह जल संधि पाकिस्तान के साथ तीन युद्धों 1965, 1971 और 1999 के बाद भी बरकरार रही।
RIVER COURSE: Indus river, one of the longest rivers (3610m long) in Asia, originates in the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity of Lake Manasarovar, runs its course through Jammu and Kashmir, towards Gilgit-Baltistan and the Hindukush ranges, and then flows southwards in Pakistan to drain in the Arabian Sea (at Rann of Kutch).
COUNTRIES - China (Tibet Autonomous region), India and Pakistan
STATES covered: Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tibet
TRIBUTARIES: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Zanskar, Kabul, etc.
ECONOMICS: The river basin and canals in its region sustain agriculture and food production in its region and, constructed dams generate electricity.
INDUS WATER TREATY
It is a WATER-DISTRIBUTION TREATY, signed in Karachi on 09.1960, between INDIA (PM Jawaharlal Nehru) and PAKISTAN (President Ayub Khan), brokered by the WORLD BANK (an international financial institution formed in 1945).
China is not a part of the treaty.
Control over the water flowing in 3 “eastern” rivers of India (Beas, Ravi and Sutlej) with mean flow of 33 million acre feet (MAF) was given to India, while in 3 “western” rivers of India (Indus, Chenab and Jhelum) with mean flow of 80 MAF was given to Pakistan.
Acre foot is a unit of volume in reference to large scale water resources (reservoirs, canals, river flows, etc). 1 acre foot = 1,233 m3 = 43,560 ft3
India can use (excluding domestic, industrial and non consumptive uses from western rivers) nearly 20% of the total water carried by the Indus System of Rivers. Pakistan can use the remaining 80%.
India is allowed to use western rivers for limited irrigation use and unrestricted use for power generation (by run-of-river hydro power plants), industrial and non consumptive uses (navigation, fish culture, etc). But, precise regulations are laid down for India to build projects.
RUN-OF-RIVER HYDROELECTRICITY (ROR): It is a type of hydroelectric generation plant in which little or no water storage is provided. The normal course of the river is not materially altered. Examples: Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd, Satluj River, Shimla (1500 MW), Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower project on River Indus in Pakistan (1,450 MW), Baglihar Hydroelctric Power Projection on Chenab River in India (900 MW), etc.
Treaty created a “PERMANENT INDUS COMMISSION” as it was agreed to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty.
PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION (an intergovernmental organization located in The Hague, Netherlands) or a NEUTRAL TECHNICAL EXPERT is called in cases of disagreement.
The Treaty is considered to be very successful as most of the disagreements anddisputes have been settled via legal procedures. India and Pakistan have not engaged in any water wars since the Treaty’s ratification in 1960.
SOME INSTANCE/ ISSUES RELATED TO INDUS WATER TREATY
KISHANGANGA HYDROELECTRIC PLANT: Located in Jammu and Kashmir (India) on River Kishanganga (that later merges with the Jhelum River in Pakistan) 3 units of 110 MW were inaugurated in May 2018. Its case was settled by Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2013.
BAGLIHAR DAM: A neutral expert, Raymond Lafitte, was appointed in May 2005 by World Bank to settle the objections raised by Pakistan on this project on Chenab River in Jammu &Kashmir, India. After some technical changes, the issue was settled in June 2010.
Baglihar Dam
LEFT BANK OUTFALL DRAIN: It is a drainage canal in Pakistan. It bypasses the saline and polluted water to reach Arabian Sea via Rann of Kutch. This is contaminating the quality of water bodies in the Gujarat state of India.
PAKAL DUL DAM: It is a proposed dam on the Marusadar River (a tributary of River Chenab) in Jammu &Kashmir, India. Pakistan is raising objections on it as per the treaty, which India is denying.
SCOPE FOR INDIA UNDER THE TREATY
India can reduce the water flow to Pakistan under the provisions of the Treaty. It can utilize the maximum of 20% water sharing which it is permitted.
Violating the Treaty may not be a good option as the Treaty is meant to reduce the hostilities between India and Pakistan. Also, it requires a lot of infrastructure to store the additional water available.
Violating the treaty may also bring China in action which can block the flow of Brahmaputra River flowing to India. Terror activities from Pakistanmay also get intensified.
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